Article
Xenoline-polarized macrophages as an alternative in vitro model of tumor-associated macrophages in glioblastoma
27 Jun 2025
Abstract excerpt
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant non-cancerous cell type in glioblastoma (GBM) and heavily influence GBM biology, contributing to tumor progression, therapeutic resistance, immune evasion, and neovascularization. Current in vitro models that utilize IL-4/IL-13 stimulation fail to capture the transcriptional and functional heterogeneity of TAMs observed in vivo. In this study, we utilize a...
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