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Article

p53 mutations in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas from Sudanese snuff (toombak) users.

Cancer detection and prevention - 1 Jan 1996

Lazarus P, Idris A M, Kim J, Calcagnotto A, Hoffmann D

Abstract excerpt

Toombak is a type of snuff used extensively in the Northern Sudan by a virtually non-smoking/nondrinking population. This Sudanese snuff contains inordinately high levels of the tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) Nl-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and (4-methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). These are considered to be major contributors to the induction of cancers of the aerodigestive tract in tobacco...

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PMID: 8818386

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-08.1.

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