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Article

The geometry of G × E: How scaling and endogenous treatment effects shape interaction direction.

PLoS genetics - 1 Apr 2026

Sadowski Michal, Dahl Andy W, Zaitlen Noah, Border Richard

Abstract excerpt

Gene-environment interaction (G × E) studies hold promise for identifying genetic loci mediating the effects of environmental risk on disease. However, interpretation of G × E effects is often confounded by two fundamental issues: the dependence of interaction estimates on outcome scale and the presence of endogenous treatment effects, in which genetic liability influences environmental exposure. These factors...

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PMID: 41920956
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1012073
PMCID: PMC13043064

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 6 Sept 2026.

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