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Article

Only three driver gene mutations are required for the development of lung and colorectal cancers.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America - 6 Jan 2015

Tomasetti Cristian, Marchionni Luigi, Nowak Martin A, Parmigiani Giovanni, Vogelstein Bert

Abstract excerpt

Cancer arises through the sequential accumulation of mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. However, how many such mutations are required for a normal human cell to progress to an advanced cancer? The best estimates for this number have been provided by mathematical models based on the relation between age and incidence. For example, the classic studies of Nordling [Nordling CO (1953) Br J Cancer...

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Methodology Data sources Editorial policy Privacy About Contact Helena Bioinformatics

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Source

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Identifiers

PMID: 25535351
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1421839112
PMCID: PMC4291633

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-07.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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