Article
NCAM1-TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 variants and smoking motives as intermediate phenotypes for nicotine dependence.
Psychopharmacology - 1 Apr 2015
Bidwell L C, McGeary J E, Gray J C, Palmer R H C, Knopik V S, MacKillop J
Abstract excerpt
RATIONALE: Nicotine dependence (ND) is a heterogeneous phenotype with complex genetic influences. The use of intermediate ND phenotypes may clarify genetic influences and reveal specific etiological pathways. Prior work has found that the four Primary Dependence Motives (PDM) subscales (Automaticity, Craving, Loss of Control, and Tolerance) of the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Motives (WISDM) represent heavy,...
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