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Article

Hemagglutinin sequence clusters and the antigenic evolution of influenza A virus.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America - 30 Apr 2002

Plotkin Joshua B, Dushoff Jonathan, Levin Simon A

Abstract excerpt

Continual mutations to the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza A virus generate novel antigenic strains that cause annual epidemics. Using a database of 560 viral RNA sequences, we study the structure and tempo of HA evolution over the past two decades. We detect a critical length scale, in amino acid space, at which HA sequences aggregate into clusters, or swarms. We investigate the spatio-temporal distribution...

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Identifiers

PMID: 11972025
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.082110799
PMCID: PMC122937

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-08.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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