Article

Functional T cells trapped behind a stromal wall: a Brake-with-Wall phenotype redefines pancreatic adenocarcinoma immunotherapy resistance

2026-05-14

Abstract excerpt

<h4>Background</h4> Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the paradigmatic immunotherapy-refractory cancer, with a 5-year survival of approximately 12% and minimal benefit from immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). The dominant mechanistic explanation classifies PDAC as a T cell-excluded “cold” tumor, implying that no functional anti-tumor T cells are available for checkpoint release. Whether this Block-strategy...

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Literature Corpus work: b0853b2a-9274-5946-9ee5-f933be52a74f
DOI: 10.64898/2026.05.11.724216

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