Article

The Immune Microenvironment in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Distinctions Between HPV-Driven and HPV-Independent Pathways

2026-04-15

Abstract excerpt

<h4>Background: </h4> Penile squamous cell carcinoma (pSCC) is a global health burden with poor systemic treatment efficacy for advanced disease, relying on pathway-agnostic regimens despite two distinct carcinogenic pathways (HPV-driven vs. HPV-independent). We conducted an integrative review to systematically compare the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of HPV-driven and HPV-independent pSCC to guide immunot...

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Literature Corpus work: 0dcf1579-7d57-5106-bd75-b3eed8146a4f
DOI: 10.20944/preprints202604.0995.v1

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