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Leveraging polygenic risk scores to infer causal directions in genotype-by-environment interactions between complex traits.

Human genetics - 7 Feb 2026

Fentaw Zinabu, Truong Buu, Jayasinghe Dovini, Vedova Chris Della, Hemani Gibran, Benyamin Beben, Hyppönen Elina, Lee S Hong

Abstract excerpt

Most existing genotype-by-environment interaction (G×E) methods assume a known causal direction as an assumption that often does not hold and can lead to biased estimates and spurious findings. To address this, we introduce the Genetic Causality Inference Model (GCIM), a novel approach designed to infer causal directions in G×E studies. GCIM integrates polygenic risk scores (PRS) for both the exposure and the...

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Identifiers

PMID: 41653245
DOI: 10.1007/s00439-025-02799-x
PMCID: PMC12882956

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026.

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