Efficient Mendelian randomization analysis with self-adaptive determination of sample structure and multiple pleiotropic effects.

Abstract excerpt

Mendelian randomization (MR) has emerged as a highly valuable tool for inferring the causal effects of exposures on outcomes in observational studies using genetic variants, typically single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), as instrumental variables (IVs). Standard MR typically involves three steps: inputs of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for both exposure and outcome, determination of IVs, and...

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