Article

B cell exhaustion associates with poor response to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy in patients with bladder cancer

2026-04-03

Abstract excerpt

The majority of patients treated with Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy, for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), experience early recurrence due to pre-existing mucosal immune dysfunction. Since B cell are mucosal immune sentinels, we characterized the systemic and local B cell responses in 45 patients with NMIBC. Expansion of circulating atypical B cells (ABCs) following repeated BCG instillati...

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Literature Corpus work: d7ca4fa3-c3f5-5502-8e93-67371a8baaef
DOI: 10.64898/2026.04.01.715137

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