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Article

Insulin expression in human thymus is modulated by INS VNTR alleles at the IDDM2 locus.

Nature genetics - 1 Mar 1997

Vafiadis P, Bennett S T, Todd J A, Nadeau J, Grabs R, Goodyer C G, Wickramasinghe S, Colle E, Polychronakos C

Abstract excerpt

Type 1 diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cells. Genetic susceptibility to IDDM is encoded by several loci, one of which (IDDM2) maps to a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) minisatellite, upstream of the insulin gene (INS). The short class I VNTR alleles (26-63 repeats) predispose to IDDM, while class III alleles (140-210 repeats) have...

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Source

Identifiers

PMID: 9054944
DOI: 10.1038/ng0397-289

Genes

INS

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-08.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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Insulin expression in human thymus is modulated by INS VNTR alleles at the IDDM2 locus.PMID 9054944Read ↗

Class III alleles of the variable number of tandem repeat insulin polymorphism associated with silencing of thymic insulin predispose to type 1 diabetes.Semantic proximity Read ↗

The insulin gene is transcribed in the human thymus and transcription levels correlated with allelic variation at the INS VNTR-IDDM2 susceptibility locus for type 1 diabetes.Semantic proximity Read ↗

Insulin expression levels in the thymus modulate insulin-specific autoreactive T-cell tolerance: the mechanism by which the IDDM2 locus may predispose to diabetes.Semantic proximity Read ↗

A functional analysis of the role of IGF2 in IDDM2-encoded susceptibility to type 1 diabetes.Semantic proximity Read ↗

Class III alleles at the insulin VNTR polymorphism are associated with regulatory T-cell responses to proinsulin epitopes in HLA-DR4, DQ8 individuals.Semantic proximity Read ↗

Insulin alleles and autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene expression both influence insulin expression in the thymus.Semantic proximity Read ↗

IDDM2-VNTR-encoded susceptibility to type 1 diabetes: dominant protection and parental transmission of alleles of the insulin gene-linked minisatellite locus.Semantic proximity Read ↗

Insulin VNTR allele-specific effect in type 1 diabetes depends on identity of untransmitted paternal allele. The IMDIAB Group.Semantic proximity Read ↗

The insulin gene in type 1 diabetes.Semantic proximity Read ↗

Divergence between genetic determinants of IGF2 transcription levels in leukocytes and of IDDM2-encoded susceptibility to type 1 diabetes.Semantic proximity Read ↗

Imprinted and genotype-specific expression of genes at the IDDM2 locus in pancreas and leucocytes.Semantic proximity Read ↗

An HLA-Transgenic Mouse Model of Type 1 Diabetes That Incorporates the Reduced but Not Abolished Thymic Insulin Expression Seen in Patients.Semantic proximity Read ↗

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