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Phenotypic heterogeneity of type 2 diabetes and risks of complications with a tree-like representation.

Cardiovascular diabetology - 30 Mar 2026

Che Jiajing, Li Xianli, Qiu Zixin, Li Ruyi, Yu Hancheng, Xie Jinchi, Guo Tianyu, Tang Zijun, Xia Pengfei, Xu Kun, Li Rui, Yang Kun, Geng Tingting, Pan An, Liu Gang

Abstract excerpt

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes shows clinical heterogeneity which cannot be fully captured by glycemic metrics, highlighting the need to better define patient phenotypes and progression pathways. This study aims to elucidate the heterogeneity of type 2 diabetes and risks of major associated diseases, as well as underlying proteomic mechanism. METHODS: We applied discriminative dimensionality reduction with trees...

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PMID: 41913207
DOI: 10.1186/s12933-026-03147-7
PMCID: PMC13154454

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