Causal relationship between osteoporosis, bone mineral density, and osteonecrosis: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Abstract excerpt

BACKGROUND: Osteonecrosis (ON) is a debilitating orthopedic condition characterized by bone cell death due to impaired blood supply, leading to structural changes and disability. Osteoporosis (OP), a systemic skeletal disease, results in reduced bone density and quality, making bones fragile and prone to fractures. Although distinct, OP and ON share several risk factors such as corticosteroid use and smoking....

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