A tiered approach to investigate the inhalation toxicity of cobalt substances. Tier 2 b: Reactive cobalt substances induce oxidative stress in ToxTracker and activate hypoxia target genes.

Abstract excerpt

Cobalt metal and cobalt sulfate are carcinogenic in rodents following inhalation exposure. The pre-carcinogenic effects associated with exposure to these cobalt substances include oxidative stress and genotoxicity. Some, but not all, cobalt substances induce in vitro clastogenicity or an increase in micronuclei. As a result, these substances are classified genotoxic carcinogens, having major impacts on their risk...

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