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Article

Immune response in breast cancer brain metastases and their microenvironment: the role of the PD-1/PD-L axis.

Breast cancer research : BCR - 27 Apr 2016

Duchnowska Renata, Pęksa Rafał, Radecka Barbara, Mandat Tomasz, Trojanowski Tomasz, Jarosz Bożena, Czartoryska-Arłukowicz Bogumiła, Olszewski Wojciech P, Och Waldemar, Kalinka-Warzocha Ewa, Kozłowski Wojciech, Kowalczyk Anna, Loi Sherene, Biernat Wojciech, Jassem Jacek

Abstract excerpt

BACKGROUND: A better understanding of immune response in breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM) may prompt new preventive and therapeutic strategies. METHODS: Immunohistochemical expression of stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs: CD4, CD8, CTLA4), macrophage/microglial cells (CD68), programmed cell death protein 1 receptor (PD-1), programmed cell death protein 1 receptor ligand (PD-L)1, PD-L2 and glial...

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Source

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Identifiers

PMID: 27117582
DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0702-8
PMCID: PMC4847231

Genes

CTLA4

Provenance

PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-07.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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