Pro-osteogenic phenotype of human aortic valve interstitial cells is associated with higher levels of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and enhanced expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2.

Abstract excerpt

OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to determine whether aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) and pulmonary valve interstitial cells (PVICs) differ in expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4, response to TLR agonists, and osteogenic phenotypic changes. BACKGROUND: Calcific stenosis occurs frequently in aortic valves but rarely in pulmonary valves. Studies have implicated AVICs in the inflammation associated with...

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