Stress and vascular responses: mitogen-activated protein kinases and activator protein-1 as promising therapeutic targets of vascular remodeling.

Abstract excerpt

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases), including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38, play a central role in cellular responses by various stress stimuli such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, or gene expression. Furthermore, activator protein-1 (AP-1), a transcription factor which can be activated by MAP kinases, also is involved in a...

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