Article
Cancer in 4D: toward Spatiotemporal Hallmark Ecosystems.
Trends in cancer - 1 May 2026
Sibai Mustafa, Zacharias Martin, McGranahan Nicholas, Jamal-Hanjani Mariam, Porta-Pardo Eduard
Abstract excerpt
The Hallmarks of Cancer framework provided a unifying description of tumor capabilities, but in its static form, it cannot capture where in a tumor these traits occur, when they arise, or how they reorganize under selection pressure. Here, we propose Spatiotemporal Hallmark Ecosystems as a new lens that redefines the functional unit of selection in cancer evolution. In this view, hallmarks are not fixed...
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