Article
Sex as a modifier of genetic risk for type 1 diabetes.
Diabetes, obesity & metabolism - 1 Dec 2025
Qu Hui-Qi, Hakonarson Hakon
Abstract excerpt
Sex differences influence the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D), yet most genetic studies have treated sex as a control covariate rather than a dynamic effect modifier. Sex influences immune cell behaviour, including CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation, regulatory T cell stability, B cell autoantibody production, dendritic cell priming and monocyte/macrophage inflammation. Underlying mechanisms include...
Read the complete abstract on PubMedTopics
- Humans
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
- Female
- Male
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Sex Factors
- Gene-Environment Interaction