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Article

Causal associations between smoking and ocular diseases: a Mendelian randomization study

14 Jun 2025

Abstract excerpt

Purpose To explore the causal associations between smoking and ocular diseases using Mendelian randomization (MR) Design Two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Methods A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis based on publicly available genome-wide association studies were employed to infer the causal relationship. The effect estimates were calculated using the random-effects...

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Identifiers

PMID: 40746870
DOI: 10.1016/j.aopr.2025.06.002

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