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A Mendelian randomization study on the causal relationship between smoking, alcohol consumption, and the development of myopia and astigmatism

22 Jan 2024

Abstract excerpt

The influence of environmental factors like smoking and alcohol on myopia and astigmatism is controversial. However, due to ethical concerns, alternative study designs are urgently needed to assess causal inference, as mandatory exposure to cigarettes and alcohol is unethical. Following comprehensive screenings, 326 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to myopia and astigmatism were included in the...

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PMID: 38253641
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52316-9

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