Exploring intra-diagnosis heterogeneity and inter-diagnosis commonality in genetic architectures of bipolar disorders: association of polygenic risks of major psychiatric illnesses and lifetime phenotype dimensions.

Abstract excerpt

BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder (BD) shows heterogeneous illness presentation both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. This phenotypic heterogeneity might reflect underlying genetic heterogeneity. At the same time, overlapping characteristics between BD and other psychiatric illnesses are observed at clinical and biomarker levels, which implies a shared biological mechanism between them. Incorporating these two...

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