Causal association between major depressive disorder and coronary heart disease: a two-sample bidirectional mendelian randomization study

Abstract excerpt

BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly heterogeneous mental illness and a major public health problem worldwide. A large number of observational studies have demonstrated a clear association between MDD and coronary heart disease (CHD), and some studies have even suggested that the relationship is bidirectional. However, it was unknown whether any causal relationship existed between them and...

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