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Article

Association between Cyclooxygenase-2 and Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Expression in Breast Cancer Patients from Pakistan.

Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP - 1 Nov 2019

Asghar Kashif, Loya Asif, Rana Iftikhar Ali, Abu Bakar Muhammad, Farooq Asim, Tahseen Muhammad, Ishaq Muhammad, Rashid Muhammad Usman

Abstract excerpt

BACKGROUND: Tumors use several immunosuppressive mechanisms to evade immune destruction. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression may be a driver of immunosuppression in breast cancer, but the mechanisms involved remain elusive. COX-2 expression induces the expression of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) in tumor cells. IDO is an immunosuppressive enzyme which is involved in tumor immune escape mechanisms in breast...

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Source

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Identifiers

PMID: 31759380
DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.11.3521
PMCID: PMC7063003

Provenance

PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-08.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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