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Article

Aetiology of hypospadias: a systematic review of genes and environment.

Human reproduction update - 1 Jan 2000

van der Zanden L F M, van Rooij I A L M, Feitz W F J, Franke B, Knoers N V A M, Roeleveld N

Abstract excerpt

BACKGROUND: Hypospadias is a common congenital malformation of the male external genitalia. Most cases have an unknown aetiology, which is probably a mix of monogenic and multifactorial forms, implicating both genes and environmental factors. This review summarizes current knowledge about the aetiology of hypospadias. METHODS: Pubmed was used to identify studies on hypospadias aetiology published between January...

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Methodology Data sources Editorial policy Privacy About Contact Helena Bioinformatics

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Source

Identifiers

PMID: 22371315
DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dms002

Genes

ATF3
FGF8
FGFR2
MAMLD1
MID1
BMP4
BMP7
BNC2
DGKK
EGF
ESR1
ESR2
GSTM1
GSTT1
HOXA4
HOXB6

Provenance

PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-07.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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