Article
Molecular epidemiology of hypospadias: review of genetic and environmental risk factors.
Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology - 1 Oct 2003
Manson Jeanne M, Carr Michael C
Abstract excerpt
Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies in the United States, occurring in approximately 1 in 125 live male births. It is characterized by altered development of the urethra, foreskin, and ventral surface of the penis. In this review, the embryology, epidemiology, risk factors, genetic predisposition, and likely candidate genes for hypospadias are described. Recent reports have identified...
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