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Article

The Genetic and Environmental Factors Underlying Hypospadias.

Sexual development : genetics, molecular biology, evolution, endocrinology, embryology, and pathology of sex determination and differentiation - 1 Jan 2015

Bouty Aurore, Ayers Katie L, Pask Andrew, Heloury Yves, Sinclair Andrew H

Abstract excerpt

Hypospadias results from a failure of urethral closure in the male phallus and affects 1 in 200-300 boys. It is thought to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The development of the penis progresses in 2 stages: an initial hormone-independent phase and a secondary hormone-dependent phase. Here, we review the molecular pathways that contribute to each of these stages, drawing on studies...

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Identifiers

PMID: 26613581
DOI: 10.1159/000441988
PMCID: PMC5012964

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 6 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-06.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 6 Sept 2026.

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