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Article

Polymorphisms in immune checkpoint genes might influence bladder cancer risk and clinical outcome.

Human immunology - 1 Aug 2026

Andrzejczak Anna, Krajewski Wojciech, Jaskuła Emilia, Chorbińska Joanna, Tomkiewicz Anna, Małkiewicz Bartosz, Szydełko Tomasz, Karabon Lidia

Abstract excerpt

BACKGROUND: In addition to well-established immune checkpoints (ICs), such as CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, increasing attention is being directed toward next-generation ICs, including TIM-3, Gal-9, LAG-3, BTLA, HVEM, and CD160. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within IC-related genes may contribute to dysregulation of inhibitory pathways and impair anti-tumor immune responses. This study aimed to evaluate the...

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Identifiers

PMID: 42284619
DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2026.111783

Genes

BTLA
CD160
LGALS9

Provenance

PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026.

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