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Article

Influence of inflammatory and metabolic factors on keratoconus risk: a causal inference analysis.

Eye (London, England) - 1 Apr 2026

Hysi Pirro G, Hardcastle Alison J, Davidson Alice E, Szczotka-Flynn Loretta, Khawaja Anthony P, Liskova Petra, Iyengar Sudha, Hammond Chris J, Tuft Stephen J

Abstract excerpt

BACKGROUND: Keratoconus is a complex disease of the cornea, in part caused by environmental exposures whose nature is not fully understood. METHODS: This study relied on previously published results from genome-wide association studies of European ancestry. Summary statistics of available genome-wide association studies on atopy, chronic inflammatory disease and serum glucose levels; results were paired with...

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Identifiers

PMID: 41714390
DOI: 10.1038/s41433-026-04281-y
PMCID: PMC13062002

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