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Article

Unraveling the complexities of caffeine: metabolism, genetics, evolution, and health.

Hereditas - 2 Feb 2026

Liu Xinyi, Xu Shuhua

Abstract excerpt

Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance globally, yet individuals differ strikingly in their physiological and health responses. These differences arise from the combined effects of genetic variation, evolutionary history, lifestyle exposures, and cultural practices. In this review, we synthesize current knowledge on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine, emphasizing the...

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Methodology Data sources Editorial policy Privacy Delete account & data About Contact Helena Bioinformatics

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Identifiers

PMID: 41622288
DOI: 10.1186/s41065-026-00648-z
PMCID: PMC12954933

Genes

CYP1A2
AHR

Provenance

PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 23 Oct 2026.

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