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Caffeine metabolic phenotypes and hypertension risk: Urinary paraxanthine-to-caffeine ratio threshold and mediating pathways in NHANES.

Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD - 1 Apr 2026

Shi Fang-E, Huang Zhengyi, Cao Lingjie, Yu Zhe, Chi Cheng

Abstract excerpt

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This study aimed to resolve the caffeine-hypertension paradox by investigating the association between urinary paraxanthine-to-caffeine molar ratio (PMR)-a functional biomarker of CYP1A2 metabolic capacity-and hypertension risk, while exploring mediation by serum uric acid (SUA) and white blood cells (WBC). METHODS AND RESULTS: Using nationally representative NHANES data (2009-2014;...

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Identifiers

PMID: 41549015
DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2025.104525

Genes

CYP1A2

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 1 Sept 2026.

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