The causal role of male pubertal timing for the development of externalizing and internalizing traits: results from Mendelian randomization studies

Abstract excerpt

BACKGROUND: Preexisting epidemiological studies suggest that early pubertal development in males is associated with externalizing (e.g. conduct problems, risky behavior, and aggression) and internalizing (e.g. depression and anxiety) traits and disorders. However, due to problems inherent to observational studies, especially of residual confounding, it remains unclear whether these associations are causal....

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