Causal associations of hypothyroidism with frozen shoulder: a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.

Abstract excerpt

BACKGROUND: Many studies have investigated the association between hypothyroidism and frozen shoulder, but their findings have been inconsistent. Furthermore, earlier research has been primarily observational, which may introduce bias and does not establish a cause-and-effect relationship. To ascertain the causal association, we performed a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. METHODS:...

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