Delayed administration of interleukin-4 coacervate alleviates the neurotoxic phenotype of astrocytes and promotes functional recovery after a contusion spinal cord injury.

Abstract excerpt

Objective. Macrophages and astrocytes play a crucial role in the aftermath of a traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Infiltrating macrophages adopt a pro-inflammatory phenotype while resident astrocytes adopt a neurotoxic phenotype at the injury site, both of which contribute to neuronal death and inhibit axonal regeneration. The cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) has shown significant promise in preclinical models of...

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