Associations Between Vitamin D Levels and Risk of Heart Failure: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study

Abstract excerpt

Background Although studies suggest that concentrations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) are lower in individuals with Heart Failure (HF), the beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation are controversial. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to determine whether there is a causal relationship between serum Vitamin D (VD) levels and HF. Methods We obtained genetic instruments from the largest available...

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