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Article

Neural tube defects.

Annual review of neuroscience - 1 Jan 2014

Greene Nicholas D E, Copp Andrew J

Abstract excerpt

Neural tube defects (NTDs), including spina bifida and anencephaly, are severe birth defects of the central nervous system that originate during embryonic development when the neural tube fails to close completely. Human NTDs are multifactorial, with contributions from both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic basis is not yet well understood, but several nongenetic risk factors have been identified as...

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Identifiers

PMID: 25032496
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170354
PMCID: PMC4486472

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-08.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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