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Article

Reversible differentiation of pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages.

Molecular immunology - 1 Mar 2013

Xu Wei, Zhao Xiwen, Daha Mohamed R, van Kooten Cees

Abstract excerpt

Macrophages (Mφ) represent dynamic cell populations that develop according to the nature of environmental signals. It has been demonstrated that human Mφ can be polarized in vitro into pro-inflammatory (Mφ1) and anti-inflammatory cells (Mφ2) by the lineage-determining factors GM-CSF and M-CSF, respectively. Here we show that polarized Mφ1 and Mφ2 are not an end stage of differentiation but are able to reversibly...

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Source

Identifiers

PMID: 22944456
DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.07.005

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TNF

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-07.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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