Live <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>, <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>, and <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> activate the inflammatory response through Toll-like receptors 2, 4, and 9 in species-specific patterns

Abstract excerpt

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRR) that recognize molecular structures on pathogens and activate host defenses. Although much is known about specific bacterial components that activate TLRs, few studies have addressed the question of which TLRs are involved in immune activation by live bacteria. Here, we demonstrate that live Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b,...

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