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Article

Is treatment-resistant depression a unique subtype of depression?

Biological psychiatry - 15 Apr 2003

Fagiolini Andrea, Kupfer David J

Abstract excerpt

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) continues to represent a major challenge for treating clinicians. This report reviews the relevant literature to evaluate whether TRD can be considered a specific subtype of depression based on 1) clinical characteristics and course (behavioral phenotype), 2) neurobiological profile, and 3) context and environment in which TRD develops. Although patients with TRD share a...

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Identifiers

PMID: 12706950
DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01670-0

Genes

TRD

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-08.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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