Article
Clonality of multifocal urothelial carcinomas: 10 years of molecular genetic studies
25 Jul 2002
Abstract excerpt
Multifocal occurrence and frequent recurrence are characteristic features of urothelial carcinomas of both the urinary bladder and the upper urinary tract. To describe the clonal nature of these tumors, 2 theories have been proposed. The monoclonality hypothesis describes the multiple tumors as descendants of a single genetically transformed cell spreading throughout the urothelium. In contrast, field...
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