Specificity in transforming growth factor β-induced transcription of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene: Interactions of promoter DNA, transcription factor μE3, and Smad proteins

Abstract excerpt

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) regulates a broad range of biological processes, including cell growth, development, differentiation, and immunity. TGF-beta signals through its cell surface receptor serine kinases that phosphorylate Smad2 or Smad3 proteins. Because Smad3 and its partner Smad4 bind to only 4-bp Smad binding elements (SBEs) in DNA, a central question is how specificity of...

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