Article

Bias and Variance of Adjusting for Instruments

2026-03-15

Abstract excerpt

<h4>ABSTRACT</h4> Propensity score adjustment is commonly used in observational research to address confounding. Controversy persists about how to select covariates as possible confounders to generate the propensity model. A desire to include all possible confounders is offset by a concern that more covariates will augment bias or increase variance. Much of concern is over instruments, which are variables that af...

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Literature Corpus work: d869769d-c305-5273-ac0b-99d0074fe79c
DOI: 10.64898/2026.03.13.26348328

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