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Article

A selective review of the first 20 years of instrumental variables models in health-services research and medicine.

Journal of medical economics - 1 Jan 2015

Cawley John

Abstract excerpt

BACKGROUND: The method of instrumental variables (IV) is useful for estimating causal effects. Intuitively, it exploits exogenous variation in the treatment, sometimes called natural experiments or instruments. This study reviews the literature in health-services research and medical research tha...

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Identifiers

PMID: 25899087
DOI: 10.3111/13696998.2015.1043917

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 4 Sept 2026. Prepared record publication-25899087-2026-09-04.2. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-04.2.

Source receipt: PubMed via Helena Literature Corpus, retrieved 4 Sept 2026.

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