Article

Metabolic Reprogramming of Human Macrophages Drives the Formation of Hybrid M1/M2 Pro-Regenerative Extracellular Vesicles

2026-01-20

Abstract excerpt

The coordinated activity of macrophages is essential for bone repair, with pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages driving early responses and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages supporting later tissue remodeling. While both phenotypes are required, prolonged persistence of either subtype can impair healing, underscoring the correct transition between the two states. Macrophage polarization is closely linked to cellular met...

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Literature Corpus work: 71b9fce3-bd56-5d72-98a3-3a61db54632f
DOI: 10.64898/2026.01.16.699890

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