Initial retinoid requirement for early avian development coincides with retinoid receptor coexpression in the precardiac fields and induction of normal cardiovascular development.

Abstract excerpt

Vitamin A requirement for early embryonic development is clearly evident in the gross cardiovascular and central nervous system abnormalities and an early death of the vitamin A-deficient quail embryo. This retinoid knockout model system was used to examine the biological activity of various natural retinoids in early cardiovascular development. We demonstrate that all-trans-, 9-cis-, 4-oxo-, and...

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