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Article

Sex differences in the genetic and causal relationships between depression, smoking, and alcohol use: the role of socioeconomic status.

Psychological medicine - 2 Mar 2026

Hu Jihua, Grasby Katrina, Mitchell Brittany

Abstract excerpt

Major depressive disorder (MDD), smoking, and drinking frequently co-occur, with evidence suggesting these relationships may differ by sex. However, the direction of causality and the extent of sex-specific associations remain unclear. We investigated sex-specific genetic relationships between MDD and substance use phenotypes using genome-wide association studies (GWAS) from the UK Biobank and publicly available...

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Identifiers

PMID: 41766371
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291726103195
PMCID: PMC12969216

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 6 Sept 2026.

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