The absence of FOXA2 and HNF1β expression in vasculogenic mesenchymal lesions of germ cell origin suggests an evolutionary pathway similar to that of sarcomatoid yolk sac tumor.

Abstract excerpt

Vasculogenic mesenchymal lesions (VMLs) are uncommon phenotypes of germ cell tumor (GCT) origin that are mostly found after chemotherapy of mediastinal yolk sac tumor (YST). These lesions typically lack expression of classical YST markers [α-fetoprotein (AFP) and glypican-3 (GPC3)]. FOXA2 and HNF1β are key inducers of the YST phenotype and co-operate to promote transcription of genes involved in YST development...

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