Low concentrations of TNF-α in vitro transform the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells and enhance their survival in a three-dimensional culture system.

Abstract excerpt

BACKGROUND: Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are commonly used as seed cells in tissue-engineered vascular constructions. However, their variable phenotypes and difficult to control functions pose challenges. This study aimed to overcome these obstacles using a three-dimensional culture system. METHODS: Calf VSMCs were administered tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) before culturing in two- and...

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