Association between depression and COPD: results from the NHANES 2013–2018 and a bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis

Abstract excerpt

Background Observational studies showed a bidirectional association between depression and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, it is unclear whether the observed association is causal. Thus we estimated the relationship using observational studies combined with bidirectional Mendelian randomization [MR].Materials and methods The study included 9977 participants from the 2013–2018 National...

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